The value indicated by the meter when measuring low conductivity samples such as pure water, semiconductor cleaning water, boiler water, tap water, groundwater, river water, or rainwater, is generally ...

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GUM, the internationally approved technique for calculating measurement uncertainty, is reliant on the availability of a certified reference sample. Likewise, to find any repeatable offset (systematic ...

Surface roughness influences many mechanical properties, including friction and adhesion, surface reactivity, semiconductor substrate quality, and surface interaction with electromagnetic waves, ...

Scientists looked at multiple techniques used to measure the modified viruses deployed in some gene therapy research and treatments. One technique, known as SEC-MALS, was the most precise and accurate ...

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